Thesis ToC

The story of pu:
The grammaticalisation in space and time of a Modern Greek complementiser

Table of contents of the completed dissertation.

Abstract iv

Declaration vi

Table of contents vii

List of figures, maps, and tables xii

Acknowledgements xiv

Conventions and abbreviations xvi

1. Introduction 1

1.1. Methodology 5

2. Grammaticalisation 9

2.1. What is grammaticalisation? 9
2.2. How is pu a grammaticalisation: a checklist 11
- 2.2.1. Lehmann's parameters 11
- 2.2.2. Other characteristics 18
2.3. The cyclicity of grammaticalisation 22
2.4. Metaphor and metonymy 24
- 2.4.1. Reanalysis and analogy 24
- 2.4.2. Implicature and grammaticalisation 26
- 2.4.3. Metaphor 27
- 2.4.4. Metonymy 29
- 2.4.5. The relative status of metaphor and metonymy 32
  - What is left for metaphor to do? 34
  - Level and metalevel 36
2.5. Conclusion 39

3. The functions of pu 41

3.0. Overview 41
- 3.0.1. The Greek verb system 45
3.1. Relative locative adverb 48
- 3.1.1. Indefinite locative 48
- 3.1.2. Definite locative 49
3.2. Relativiser 50
- 3.2.1. Simple relativiser 50
  - Rival relativisers 52
  - Syntactic behaviour of relativiser-pu 52
- 3.2.2. Pseudo-relativiser 53
- 3.2.3. Cleft 56
- 3.2.4. Inverse cleft and pseudo-cleft 58
3.3. Complementiser 59
- 3.3.1. Syntactic issues involving pu-complements 59
- 3.3.2. Emotive complements 61
- 3.3.3. Cognitive-Physical factive complements 64
- 3.3.4. Non-factive complements 66
- 3.3.5. Subject complements 67
3.4. Adjuncts 68
- 3.4.1. Introducing cause or reason clauses 69
- 3.4.2. Introducing circumstance clauses 71
- 3.4.3. Introducing result clauses 75
- 3.4.4. Introducing contrast clauses 76
- 3.4.5. Introducing realis concessive clauses 77
- 3.4.6. Introducing temporal clauses 81
3.5. Discourse connective 82
- 3.5.1. opu 82
- 3.5.2. pu 84
3.6. Subjunctive marker 86
3.7. In combination with na 88
- 3.7.1. Generalising relative clauses 88
- 3.7.2. Purposive relative clauses 90
- 3.7.3. Potential result clauses 92
- 3.7.4. Unrealisable concessive clauses 92
- 3.7.5. Optative clauses 94
- 3.7.6. Exclamatory clauses 96
3.8. Irrealis pu 99
- 3.8.1. Irrealis pu tha 99
- 3.8.2. Irrealis bare pu 104
3.9. Definite article + pu 108
3.10. "Too-hard basket" 112
3.11. Summary 113

4. Factivity 115

4.1. Factivity 115
- 4.1.1. Factivity proper 115
- 4.1.2. Semi-Factivity 116
- 4.1.3. Assertivity 118
4.2. A semantic framework for verb complementation 120
4.3. Complementiser competition 127
- 4.3.1. Overall complementiser competition 127
  - Indeterminate and Action 128
  - Non-Predetermined Occurrence and Future Truth 128
  - Predetermined Occurrence and Future Truth 129
  - Undetermined Truth 135
  - Predetermined Truth 135
  - Determined Truth 138
  - Comparison with English 139
  - Summary of Greek complementation 139
- 4.3.2. Complementiser competition between pu and oti 143
- 4.3.3. The Third Wedding 149
- 4.3.4. Makriyannis' Memoirs 151
4.4. The factivity of pu 153
- 4.4.1. Christidis 153
  - pu 153
  - pu vs. na 155
  - Nominals and definiteness 157
- 4.4.2. Other accounts 159
  - Markedness of complementiser-pu 161
  - Predicates taking complementiser-pu 162
4.5. Conclusion: Implications for semantics of pu 163

5. Ancient & Middle Greek 165

5.1. The history of hópou 165
- 5.1.1. Indo-European antecedents 165
- 5.1.2. Early Greek locative relativisation 167
- 5.1.3. The function of the ho- prefix 170
  - hóstis 172
  - hopóteros 175
  - Locatives 177
- 5.1.4. Locative Endings 179
  - o-stem Locatives 179
  - a-stem Locatives 182
  - Locative endings in Attic-Ionic 186
- 5.1.5. Semantic broadening of hópou 190
- 5.1.6. The history of hína 194
5.2. Middle Greek hópou 200
- 5.2.1. Continuation of classical extensions 200
- 5.2.2. Pathway to relativiser 203
  - Papyri 203
  - Rejected by Bakker 203
  - Accepted by Bakker 207
- 5.2.3. Other pathways 210
5.3. Ancient Greek expressions corresponding to Modern pu 211
- 5.3.1. hóti 211
- 5.3.2. ho:s 212
- 5.3.3. hós, hóstis 215
- 5.3.4. Participle 218
  - Attributive participle 218
  - Circumstantial participles 219
  - Modality and factivity of circumstantial participles 220
  - Supplementary participle 224
5.4. Middle Greek status quo ante 231
- 5.4.1. Relativisers 231
- 5.4.2. Participle 234
- 5.4.3. hóti 239
- 5.4.4. ho:s 246
- 5.4.5. Parataxis 249
- 5.4.6. Diachronic complementation systems 251
5.5. Tzartzanos' internal reconstruction 255
5.6. Conclusion 260

6. Diatopy of complement-pu 265

6.1. Thracian 266
- 6.1.1. Psichari 270
- 6.1.2. Cavafy 276
- 6.1.3. Folk texts 278
6.2. Tsakonian 285
6.3. Cappadocian 290
6.4. Pontic 297
6.5. Livisi 302
6.6. Mariupolitan 305
6.7. Italiot 308
6.8. Corfiot 314
6.9. Macedonian 319
6.10. Other 328
- 6.10.1. Emotive pos 328
- 6.10.2. Cognitive Predetermined pu 332
- 6.10.3. Linguistic pu 334
- 6.10.4. Perception pu 335
- 6.10.5. Other classes 337
6.11. Conclusion 338

7. Diatopy of pu by itself 341

7.1. Relative locative adverb 341
- 7.1.1. Headless locative 341
- 7.1.2. Bounded locative 344
7.2. Relativiser 345
- 7.2.1. Simple relativiser 345
  - Rival relativisers 345
  - o opios 345
  - to 346
  - Syntactic behaviour of relativiser-pu 348
- 7.2.2. Pseudo-relativiser 349
  - eki pu 349
  - Diatopy 349
  - Reinforcements and renewals 354
  - etsi pu 356
  - Others 358
  - here 358
  - Miscellaneous temporal 358
  - then 359
  - now 360
- 7.2.3. Headless relative 361
  - Semantics 362
  - Diatopy 362
  - Relic survivals 365
- 7.2.4. Cleft 366
  - Cypriot clefts 369
  - Semantics 369
  - History 370
  - Syntax 371
  - Zero-copula clefts 372
7.3. Complementiser 372
- 7.3.1. Syntactic issues involving pu-complements 372
  - pu na-complements 372
  - Preposed pu-complements 373
- 7.3.2. Subject complements 375
  - since-constructions 376
7.4. Adjunct-pu 381
- 7.4.1. Introducing cause or reason clauses 381
  - ine pu 384
- 7.4.2. Introducing circumstance clauses 384
  - Justify-pu 385
  - Tautologous relativisations 386
  - Underspecified circumstances 388
- 7.4.3. Introducing result clauses 390
- 7.4.4. Introducing contrast clauses 394
- 7.4.5. Introducing realis concessive clauses 396
- 7.4.6. Introducing temporal clauses 399
  - Tsakonian 400
  - Cypriot 401
  - Preposed temporals: other dialects 401
  - Irrealis temporals 402
  - Non-Punctual temporals 403
7.5. Discourse connective 405
7.6. Subjunctive marker 410
- 7.6.1 Free relatives 410
- 7.6.2 Indefinite collocations 412
- 7.6.3 pu = pu na 413
- 7.6.4 Irrealis connectives 414
7.7. In combination with na 416
- 7.7.1. Irrealis relative clauses 416
- 7.7.2. Potential result clauses 417
- 7.7.3. Unrealisable concessive clauses 419
- 7.7.4. Optative clauses 421
  - Diatopy 421
  - Semantics & syntax 422
  - Anathema 426
  - Cypriot 427
  - Cretan 430
  - Apiranthos 431
  - Pontic 432
  - Conclusion 432
- 7.7.5. Exclamatory clauses 432
  - Uncleft 433
  - Introductory interrogative 437
  - Bare exclamatories 442
7.8. Irrealis pu 443
- 7.8.1. Irrealis pu tha 443
- 7.8.2. Irrealis bare pu 446
7.9. Definite article + pu 447
7.10. "Too-hard basket" 451
7.11. Summary of deviations 454

8. Synthesis: The Story of pu 456

8.1. The diachronic story 456
8.2. Previous accounts 467
8.3. Consequences for grammaticalisation theory 472

Appendix A. History & Diatopy of Greek 476

A.1. A brief history of Greek 476
A.2. A dialect survey of Modern Greek 481
- A.2.1. Dialects not mutually intelligible with CSMG 482
  - Tsakonian 483
  - Cappadocian 485
  - Pontic 486
  - Italiot 490
- A.2.2. Dialects barely mutually intelligible with CSMG 491
  - Cypriot 491
  - Cretan 492
- A.2.3. Dialects mutually intelligible with CSMG 492
A.3. The Balkan Sprachbund 499
A.4. Further dialect scope 502

Appendix B. Other Words 506

B.1. Cappadocian 506
B.2. Pontic: ndo 514
B.3. Italiot 521
B.4. Allomorphs of pu 527
- B.4.1. po 527
- B.4.2. apu 530
- B.4.3. 'opu/opu 532
B.5. Conclusion 534

Appendix C. Text counts 537

C.1. Makriyannis corpus (1829-1851) 537
C.2. Tahtsis: The Third Wedding (1963) 540
C.3. Constantinopolitan corpus 544
- C.3.1. Psichari: My Voyage (1888) 544
- C.3.2. Psichari: Historical & Linguistic Questions (1886) 547
- C.3.3. Cavafy: Collected Poems (1896-1933) 549
C.4. Corfiot corpus 551
- C.4.1. Theotokis: Honour and Money (1912) 551
- C.4.2. Theotokis: Hamlet (1916) 552
C.5. Tsakonian corpus 553
C.6. Cappadocian corpus 555
- C.6.1. Silli 555
- C.6.2. Western Cappadocia 556
- C.6.3. Pharasa 557
C.7. Livisi corpus 559
C.8. Pontic corpus 560
C.9. Italiot corpus 567

Appendix D. Texts 573

Appendix E. Maps 585

References 589

Nick Nicholas, opoudjis [AT] optusnet . com . au
Created: 2000-9-14; Last revision: 2000-9-14
URL: http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/Work/thesis.toc.html

		Thesis Table of Contents
		Home > Thesis
Language: ENG ELL EPO JBO TLH LAT		Home > Thesis

Thesis Table of Contents

The story of pu: The grammaticalisation in space and time of a Modern Greek complementiser

The story of pu:
The grammaticalisation in space and time of a Modern Greek complementiser